
Focus on Green Vehicle Manufacturing

Beam on the Green: Focus on Green Vehicle Manufacturing
By Bashir Adeyemo · October 2024
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Background
The Beam on Green series is a quarterly report that highlights key aspects of the green economy, including emerging jobs, sector trends, employer needs, and new businesses. Each issue focuses on a specific subsector within the green economy. The term “green economy” broadly refers to activities, actions, and initiatives designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprints within a defined geographic area.
There have been renewed commitments from governments, organizations, residents, and various groups across the country to adopt processes and avenues to reduce carbon footprints generated by human activities. As the consequences of inaction become more evident through events caused by climate change, there is a clear shift in the perspectives of individuals and businesses towards a cleaner and greener environment. The three main levels of government are setting targets and creating enforcement mechanisms that reward parties contributing to these targets. For instance, the Government of Canada introduced Carbon Pollution Pricing in 2019 and is intensifying efforts to increase the costs for individual and industrial emitters. Local cities and municipalities are also increasing efforts to lower emissions by developing efficient transportation systems, encouraging smart recycling, and promoting efficient building practices. The Beam on Green project aims to capture the activities surrounding the green economy in the London Economic Region, including emerging and evolving occupations, associated skills, and job opportunities.
The green economy is rapidly evolving but has been around for a while. The drive for a greener and cleaner environment has been inspired by various evident and recurring events, such as increased temperatures affecting regions across the country and forest fires in BC and Quebec. Organizations renewing their commitment to environmental sustainability has also been a strong factor. In this series, we divided the green economy into four identified areas where impact is most felt across the economy in terms of growth and continued investment. These four areas are only transitory as the green economy space is dynamic and continues to develop. These areas are Renewable Energy, Green Vehicle Manufacturing, Waste Management and Recycling, and Green Building and Construction.
This report will focus on Green Vehicle Manufacturing, highlighting the opportunities and trends for the London Economic Region.
Green Vehicle Manufacturing is a phenomenon that began to gain appeal in the new millennium as calls for a more sustainable environment intensified. Although manufacturing activity contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, emissions from the transportation sector contribute about 25% to the cumulative amount of gas emissions discharged into the environment (Environment and Climate Change Canada, 2023).
Some sector players adopted the change earlier and started producing either hybrid or fully electric vehicles over a decade ago, but in recent times, every auto manufacturer has been compelled to tune in to the federal government’s commitment targeting zero emissions by 2035 (Environment and Climate Change Canada, 2023). This has led to renewed commitments, with almost all vehicle manufacturers now offering at least one electric vehicle (EV) model to meet consumer demand while gradually transitioning into EV manufacturing and sales.

The Footprint of Green Vehicle Manufacturing
Green vehicle manufacturing can be described as the process of creating automobiles that reduce carbon pollution to a greater extent than internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. Electric vehicles (EVs), such as Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), and other low-emission vehicles, can be classified as green vehicles. Some of these environmentally friendly vehicles have been in production for the last two decades, while others, like PHEVs and BEVs, have gained popularity largely in the past decade.
With the Government of Canada’s policy direction, car manufacturers have adapted production to cater to consumers ready to make the transition, impacting the production of low-emission vehicles over the last five years. Canada’s new motor vehicle registration data shows a consistent increase in sales of BEVs, HEVs, and PHEVs (Figure 1). The highest quarterly sale in 2020 was 32,081, which increased by 56% in 2021 to 50,094 electric vehicles sold. By 2023, the largest quarterly sale had risen by 196% to 94,980 compared to 2020. Registration is likely to remain at this level and potentially increase as the production of new zero-emission vehicles expands and consumer perceptions shift towards EV adoption.
During the same period, diesel- and gasoline-powered car sales have been slowly declining. In Quarter 3 of 2020, new motor vehicle registrations for these vehicles were 476,551, but by Q3 of 2023, this had dropped by 23.9% to 362,316 (Figure 2).

Data Source: Statistics Canada. Table 20-10-0024-01 New motor vehicle registrations, quarterly

Data Source: Statistics Canada. Table 20-10-0024-01 New motor vehicle registrations, quarterly
The trend in EV uptake, reflected in the sales of new motor vehicles across Canada, has been impressive. This provides the much-needed assurance to manufacturers that attaining a full inventory of electric vehicles by 2035 is achievable. Figure 3 below shows the gradual progression of EV purchases nationally. In 2017, the purchase rate for BEVs, HEVs, and PHEVs was 2.1%, while the registration rate for gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles was 97.9%. As shown in Figure 3, there is a sustained increase in consumer preference for electric vehicles, and by 2023, 18.7% of new motor vehicle registrations were EVs.

Data Source: Statistics Canada. Table 20-10-0024-01 New motor vehicle registrations, quarterly
Ontario and Quebec make up the highest number of new vehicle registrations each year, and the growth in the adoption of EVs has been seen in both provinces. The number of registrations in Ontario has increased significantly over the past 7 years. In 2017, when data became available, EV registrations were only 16,763 (Figure 4). In just two years, this number doubled but took a slight dip in 2020 due to a slowdown in the global economy. Since 2021, the number has spiked and continues to grow steadily.

Data Source: Statistics Canada. Table 20-10-0024-01 New motor vehicle registrations, quarterly
Employment Trends in the Transport Equipment Manufacturing Industry (NAICS 336)
With labour shortages affecting the manufacturing industry over the past decade, finding the right candidates for staff positions remains a concern for employers in the sector. As the industry undergoes a transformation toward zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs), most automotive manufacturers are pivoting and adapting their facilities to accommodate ZEV production. The skills required to produce these vehicles are not entirely new but are more complex than those needed for internal combustion engines. In some cases, parts manufacturers are shutting down due to concerns that the components they produce will become obsolete. A particular automotive plant in the London area announced its decision to wind down operations because their production was focused on gas-powered vehicle components, and they do not plan to pivot to ZEV production (London Free Press, 2024). The article reported that 116 workers at the plant lost their positions as the manufacturer winds down its business.
Figure 5 below shows a steep decline in employment in the transport equipment manufacturing industry, both pre-financial crisis and pre-pandemic. These declines seem to have largely affected the prime working-age group (25 to 54-year-olds) rather than older age groups, particularly between 2006 and 2014 and again from 2015 to 2023.
The London Economic Region lost 7,600 jobs in the prime working-age group between 2006 and 2023, highlighting that, amid a major industry shift like the EV transition, the transport equipment manufacturing sub-sector is facing a shrinking workforce, coupled with the potential retirement of its most experienced workers, who make up over 20% of the workforce in this sub-category.

Data Source: Statistics Canada Custom Census Table – Labour force survey estimates (LFS), employed employees, average hourly earnings, median hourly earnings by 2 and 3 digits NAICS, sex and age group for Canada, provinces, economic regions and census metropolitan areas, 2006 to 2023
Additionally, Figure 6 shows a drastic change in male employment in the Transport Equipment Manufacturing subsector over 17 years, compared to female employment, which has remained relatively stable over the same period. It can be deduced that most of the overall employment decline in the sector came from male employees, while only a small fraction can be attributed to female employees, even though their share of overall employment is lower.
While male employees experienced a 33% drop in employment over 17 years, female employees saw an 18% drop. Although both categories were impacted during the two major economic crises in 2009 and 2020, female employment rebounded quickly after the COVID-19 pandemic to pre-pandemic levels, whereas male employment has shown a slower recovery and has barely returned to pre-pandemic levels.

Data Source: Statistics Canada Custom Census Table – Labour force survey estimates (LFS), employed employees, average hourly earnings, median hourly earnings by 2 and 3 digits NAICS, sex and age group for Canada, provinces, economic regions and census metropolitan areas, 2006 to 2023
Emerging/Evolving Occupations in Electric Vehicle Manufacturing
The automotive manufacturing industry has maintained decades-old procedures around the production of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. While technological advancements have led to significant innovation, the impact on workers’ skill dynamics has been minimal. However, with the shift towards vehicle electrification—bringing about procedural, infrastructural, and, in some cases, structural changes to work environments—skills will need to evolve and adapt to the gradual adoption of electric vehicles (EVs).
The Ontario Vehicle Innovation Network (OVIN), in a report(1), identified key skill requirements based on job posting data needed for battery production. These skills were categorized into Tools and Equipment, and Technologies. The most frequently cited skills under Tools and Equipment include knowledge of precision measuring tools (micrometres, calipers, etc.) and automated machine operations (shears, machining centres, etc.). Under Technologies, digital technologies such as Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) software applications and Riverbed Technology were highlighted.
A similar report by OVIN, focusing on EV motors, emphasized cloud computing and AutoCAD as the most critical technology skills, while the Tools and Equipment category identified skills related to micrometers, calipers, and power tools as the top skill requirements.
In both reports produced by OVIN, several areas were identified where skills gaps are expected, both in battery manufacturing and EV motor production. These include:
EV Motor
- Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems
- Three-dimensional (3D) computer-aided design (CAD) software
- Computer-aided engineering (CAE) software
- Computerized numerical control (CNC) software
- Autodesk Revit
Battery Manufacturing
- Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems
- Computer-aided engineering (CAE) software
- Materials requirement planning (MRP) software
- Three-dimensional (3D) computer-aided design (CAD) software
- Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems
- A Spotlight on Skills, Talent & Workforce Development: Battery Manufacturing for Electrification, Ontario Centre for Innovation Network (OVIN) – September 2023.
- A Spotlight on Skills, Talent & Workforce Development: EV Motor for Electrification, Ontario Centre for Innovation Network (OVIN) – October 2023.
Workforce WindsorEssex has been at the forefront of research related to labour supply for the establishment of battery production in the Windsor region. Before the battery plant officially launched, the workforce planning and development board conducted research and produced a guide on EV career pathways. One of the five major categories highlighted in the report is EV manufacturing, which identified new positions and skill sets required for production. It noted that existing workers involved in ICE production will need to gradually acquire the necessary skills before transitioning to EVs.
Below are the traditional ICE pathways identified in the report and the developing EV careers that may require some upskilling of the current workforce. These pathways are associated with both EV battery manufacturing and EV production.
Assembly Line Worker
- EV Assembly Technician: EV Assembly Technicians help build EVs in a factory setting. They use their skills to assemble various parts of the vehicle, such as the electric motor, batteries, and other components. These technicians follow instructions and use tools to assemble the parts accurately.
- Battery Pack Assembly Operator: Battery Pack Assembly Operators help assemble the batteries that power EVs. They use their skills to put together battery cells, wiring, and other components to create a complete battery pack. These operators follow guidelines and use tools to assemble the parts accurately.
- EV Quality Control Inspector: EV Quality Control Inspectors ensure that EVs are built properly. They use their skills to carefully examine the vehicles and their parts to ensure everything meets high standards. Inspectors use tools and their knowledge to spot any mistakes or issues.
Welder/Fabricator
- Battery Pack Welding Technician: Upskilling requires expertise in battery pack assembly techniques, battery cell welding methods, high-voltage safety protocols, and quality assurance processes, along with training in battery pack design, weld inspection standards, and electric powertrain integration.
- EV Chassis Welder: Upskilling involves gaining proficiency in EV chassis design, welding techniques for lightweight materials, battery pack integration, and high-voltage safety protocols, alongside training in electric powertrain assembly, chassis structural integrity, and EV-specific welding standards.
- EV Body Welder/Assembler: Upskilling requires expertise in EV body construction, welding techniques for lightweight materials, battery placement considerations, and high-voltage safety protocols, as well as training in EV body design, structural integrity, and electric powertrain integration.
Machinist
- Electric Motor Manufacturing Technician: Electric Motor Manufacturing Technicians assemble various parts of the electric motor for EVs, following specific instructions and guidelines. They work with precision to ensure the motor is assembled correctly and functions smoothly.
- Battery Pack Manufacturing Specialist: Battery Pack Manufacturing Specialists focus on assembling battery packs for EVs. They put together multiple battery cells, following specific guidelines to ensure accurate and safe assembly.
- Charging Infrastructure Manufacturing Technician: Charging Infrastructure Manufacturing Technicians build and assemble components of charging stations for EVs. They follow specific guidelines to ensure the stations are assembled accurately and securely.
Tool and Die Maker
- EV Component Tooling Specialist: EV Component Tooling Specialists design and develop tools required to build EV components. They ensure the tools are made accurately and perform effectively, following specific instructions and utilizing their expertise.
- Charging Infrastructure Manufacturing Toolmaker: Charging Infrastructure Toolmakers focus on creating tools needed to build charging stations for EVs. They design and develop the tools that help shape, assemble, and maintain the charging infrastructure, ensuring accuracy and performance.
Material Handler
- EV Parts Logistics Coordinator: EV Parts Logistics Coordinators organize and manage the flow of parts needed to build EVs. They ensure that parts arrive at the manufacturing facility on time and in the correct quantities.
- Battery Pack Material Handler: Battery Pack Material Handlers organize and handle the materials needed to build EV batteries. They ensure the materials are stored, transported, and delivered correctly.
- EV Assembly Line Support Worker: EV Assembly Line Support Workers assist technicians and operators on the production line, ensuring smooth operations. They handle tasks like moving materials, organizing the work area, and fetching tools or parts.
Quality Control Inspector
- EV Quality Assurance Specialist: EV Quality Assurance Specialists inspect EVs to ensure they meet high standards of quality. They follow specific guidelines and tests to make sure the vehicles are safe, reliable, and meet quality standards.
- Battery Pack Quality Control Inspector: Battery Pack Quality Control Inspectors examine and test EV battery packs for any issues or defects. They follow specific guidelines to ensure the battery packs are safe, efficient, and meet quality standards.
- Charging Infrastructure Quality Inspector: Charging Infrastructure Quality Inspectors examine and test EV charging stations to ensure they meet quality standards. They follow specific guidelines to ensure the stations are safe and efficient.
Logistics Coordinator
- EV Supply Chain Coordinator: EV Supply Chain Coordinators manage and organize the flow of parts and materials needed to build EVs. They ensure that the supplies arrive on time and in the correct quantities.
- Battery Logistics Manager: Battery Logistics Managers plan and manage the movement of materials needed to create EV batteries. They ensure that materials arrive on time and in the right amounts.
- Charging Infrastructure Logistics Coordinator: Charging Infrastructure Logistics Coordinators plan and manage the movement of components needed to build EV charging stations. They ensure timely and accurate delivery of these items.
Mechanical Assemblers and Inspectors
- EV Component Assembler: EV Component Assemblers assemble and connect various components, such as motors and batteries, to build EVs. They follow specific instructions to ensure the components are assembled accurately and securely.
- Battery Module Assembler and Inspector: Battery Module Assemblers and Inspectors build and check battery modules for EVs. They follow specific guidelines to ensure the modules are assembled accurately and safely.
- Charging Station Assembler and Tester: Charging Station Assemblers and Testers build and test EV charging stations. They follow specific instructions to ensure the stations are assembled and tested accurately and safely.
Investments in Green Vehicle Manufacturing Locally
The London Economic Region, through decades of investment, remains a formidable force in the automotive manufacturing sector. As manufacturers look to establish local production of EV components and consider site options, the region was favoured by two of the foremost global manufacturers who are thriving in the transition to electric vehicles.
As of September 2024, the GM plant in Ingersoll is producing the Chevy Brightdrop 400 and 600 models, which are fully EV-powered buses. These buses are expected to begin production in late 2024, with sales commencing at Chevrolet dealerships in the U.S. and selected locations in Canada (GM Authority, 2024).
The St. Thomas EV Battery Plant is on track for completion in 2027, and ramp-up operations have already begun, with various administrative roles being filled. The construction site is attracting professionals across the construction industry spectrum, and senior HR and compliance roles are also being filled. The $7 billion electric vehicle battery plant is expected to hire at least 3,000 workers when fully operational, with a forecast of 30,000 related jobs, including parts suppliers (London Free Press, 2024).
In August 2024, the federal government announced funding for six manufacturers in Southwestern Ontario, most of whom are involved in material production and supply. Three of these manufacturers are located in the London Economic Region.
- Edge Automation Inc. received a $1.2 million loan to expand its plants, add new machinery, and hire additional staff. About half of this business operates in the automotive industry and already supplies GM, Toyota, and Stellantis assembly plants.
- MTO Metal Products Limited, a high-quality supplier of machined and welded components located in Woodstock, was provided with a $1 million loan to bolster its operations. Their facility contains a full line of CNC machining, fabricating, welding equipment, and painting capabilities.
- Tradeline Products, a custom metal fabrication manufacturer located in London, was also provided with a $1.2 million loan to bolster operations (London Free Press, 2024).
In June 2024, the Ontario government, through its Regional Development Program (RDP)—a vital program designed to help manufacturers expand their production capabilities while aligning with distinct regional priorities—released an $11.4 million expansion fund to four companies in Oxford County. The total investment by these companies amounts to $93 million. One of these companies specializes in the precision slitting of thin-gauge steel products, primarily used for electric vehicle motors and power distribution transformers. The province is investing more than $3 million in this company, while the company itself is funding the remaining $23 million investment.
Job Opportunities in the Green Vehicle Manufacturing Industry
Green Vehicle Manufacturing Jobs in Ontario
(Retrieved from Various Job Boards Data Search)
There are numerous job postings across the province due to existing EV manufacturing infrastructure, EV sales, charging infrastructure, and after-sales services. These opportunities were collected from various job boards in Ontario in September 2024.
Jobs are included from key EV component manufacturers and suppliers, including LG Energy Solutions and Stellantis in Windsor, GM’s Brightdrop in Ingersoll, Ford in Oakville, and Onward Technologies in Windsor.
- EV Charging Infrastructure – Systems Engineer
- Licensed 431A Mold Maker
- Electric Mechanical Assembler
- Tool and Die Maker
- Embedded Test Automation Developer – Platform Zonal Software
- Welder Fitter
- Supply Chain Specialist
- Aftermarket Engineering Manager
- Heavy Duty Equipment Technician
- Test Automation Developer – Embedded Connectivity Platform
- Software Developer – Embedded Connectivity Platform
- Battery Pack Test Engineer
- BEV Propulsion System Chief Engineer
- Powertrain Design Release Engineer
- Product Engineer, Cooling Systems
- Brake Actuation Design and Release Engineer
- Backend Software Developer
- Autobody Technician
- Product Cybersecurity Engineer
Specific Jobs from EV Battery Plants
- NextStar Energy Windsor(Retrieved September 2024)
- Module Equipment Technician
- Module Shift Manager
- Electrode Quality Engineer
- Cell Quality Engineer
- Module Production Shift Leader
- Module Process Engineer
- IT System Engineer
- Incoming Quality Inspector
- Process Support Technician
- Manufacturing Intelligence Engineer
- Utility Maintenance Electrician
- Utility Operating Technician
- Cell Assembly Production Manager
- Utilities Engineer
- Module Quality Inspector
- Environmental Specialist
- Cell Quality Shift Supervisor
- Utility Shift Engineer
- Factory Automation Engineer
- Electrode/Cell Defect Engineer
- Utilities Maintenance Millwright
- Utility HVAC Technician
Business Counts in the Automotive Industry in the London Economic Region
Employers in the London region’s automotive manufacturing industry represent a variety of sectors, each focusing on different aspects of the manufacturing process. Data from the Canadian Business Counts (Figure 7) reveals that the region has a total of 117 employers in the Transport Equipment Manufacturing subsector, with 57 of those involved in Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing. This indicates a strong representation of automotive parts manufacturers, which will be highly instrumental as the London region prepares for a significant transition in vehicle production.



Source: Statistics Canada. The Canadian Business Counts data. Lightcast Q1 2024 Data Set. Released August, 2024
Feedback from employers and partners in anticipation of the Volkswagen Battery Plant launch in 2027 and other upcoming EV investments
• Local parts suppliers believe the Volkswagen EV plant will not fulfil their quotas at the initial start of operations, but once operations take proper flight, there may be significant orders made.
• Misinformation around the efficiency of EVs is causing consumer apathy.
• Top management and administrative positions are being recruited and will continue until the 2027 official opening.
• Production employees will be onboarded later in 2027.
• There is optimism that all major top-level job requirements will be met for the plant.
• Trade talents for the site will be local, including electrical and concrete, but equipment installers might be offshore for the first few years after opening.
• The assembly line will likely rely heavily on overseas talent, which is typical for new technologies being introduced to the plant.
• There is concern about packaging EV components, like batteries, to ensure they are in pristine condition when they arrive at assembly plants. There is currently no packaging program in the London area where students can become familiar with materials for packaging and industry standards.
• There is interest in creating a Regional Packaging Program, although challenges could arise in bringing competitors together to collaborate on such an initiative.
• A suggestion was made about creating a micro-credential of one or two semesters in packaging, which would attract interest and may help meet workforce needs.
• Expansion remains a challenge due to uncertainty in the automotive industry.
Conclusion/Recommendations
• Skills shortage amid transition to EV: The automotive manufacturing sector is undergoing a significant transformation driven by the transition to Zero-Emission Vehicles. With manufacturing facing years-long skilled labour shortages, there is rising concern among industry employers about the extent of the transformation and the readiness of the sector to respond to this growth. A regional approach to workforce planning that identifies and leverages existing skills in the London region’s manufacturing occupations will be key to addressing this concern.
• Boosting consumer confidence in EVs: All levels of government are making continuous efforts to secure investments in green vehicle manufacturing and spending on infrastructure development to improve confidence among potential EV users. However, more incentives are still needed, such as purchase subsidies that were previously in place in the province, and a review of market prices to make EVs more accessible to those willing to purchase them.
• Growth in EV purchases: Electric vehicle registrations have increased drastically in the last few years in Canada, specifically in 2023, by almost 200% compared to 2020. Registration for diesel and gasoline-powered vehicles is slowly declining, with a drop of almost 24% between Q3 of 2020 and the same quarter in 2023.
• Decline in employment: The transport equipment manufacturing subsector of the London Economic Region’s manufacturing industry, which is involved in the production and assembly of all EVs, has suffered a sustained decrease in employment since 2006, with a decline of about 30%. This decrease is primarily seen among prime-age workers. As older workers (aged 55-64) have maintained employment levels, there is a need to boost employment in this subsector to pre-2009 levels.
• More gender representation: The opportunities in the fast-growing EV sector are massive and will require deliberate efforts to encourage greater representation of females, who are traditionally less represented in the transport equipment manufacturing industry. While females have always participated in the industry, they do so at a significantly lower rate than males. Since male employment has dropped substantially over the last two decades and female employment has remained relatively steady, strategic efforts can create more gateways for female participation.
• Bolstering the skills of the existing manufacturing workforce: The EV value chain consists of battery and EV production, both of which require career upgrading for the current workforce, potentially through upskilling initiatives in post-secondary institutions or by creating new programs tailored to employers’ needs. High-level communication between employers and post-secondary institutions is needed to establish industry-related EV skills, especially with the proposed battery plant in St. Thomas launching in 2027, alongside other supporting investments.
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References
Environment and Climate Change Canada. (2023, December 19). Canada’s Electric Vehicle Availability Standard (regulated targets for zero-emission vehicles). Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/news/2023/12/canadas-electric-vehicle-availability-standard-regulated-targets-for-zero-emission-vehicles.html
GM Authority. (2024, September 4). GM CAMI plant now producing Chevy Brightdrop EV vans. Retrieved September 9, 2024, from https://gmauthority.com/blog/2024/09/gm-cami-plant-now-producing-chevy-brightdrop-ev-vans/
London Free Press. (2024, August 21). Six area industries get $7.7M from feds to support growth, expansion. London, Ontario, Canada. Retrieved from https://lfpress.com/news/local-news/six-area-industries-get-7-7m-from-feds-to-support-growth-expansion
London Free Press. (2024, August 28). St. Thomas EV battery plant ‘fully on track’ to open in 2027: Volkswagen. London, Ontario, Canada. Retrieved from https://lfpress.com/business/local-business/st-thomas-ev-battery-plant-fully-on-track-to-open-in-2027-company
London Free Press. (2024, February 9). ‘They don’t need gas lines for EVs’: Area parts plant ends 35-year run. London, Ontario, Canada.
Ontario Vehicle Innovation Network. (2023, September). A Spotlight on Skills, Talent & Workforce Development: Battery Manufacturing for Electrification. Ontario, Canada.
Ontario Vehicle Innovation Network. (2023, October). A Spotlight on Skills, Talent & Workforce Development: EV Motor for Electrification. Ontario, Canada.
Workforce Windsor Essex. (n.d.). EV Career Pathways Guide. Retrieved from https://www.workforcewindsoressex.com/ev-career-pathways/#Manufacturing